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The electrical activity of the muscles, as measured by means of electromyography (EMG), is a major expression of muscle contraction. This book aims at providing an updated overview of the recent developments in electromyography from diverse aspects and various applications in clinical and experimental research. It consists of ten chapters arranged in four sections. The first section deals with EMG signals from skeletal muscles and their significance in assessing biomechanical and physiologic function and in applications in neuro-musculo-skeletal rehabilitation. The second section addresses methodologies for the treatment of the signal itself: noise removal and pattern recognition for the activation of artificial limbs. The third section deals with utilizing the EMG signals for inferring on the mechanical action of the muscle, such as force, e.g., pinching force in humans or sucking pressure in the cibarial pump during feeding of the hematophagous hemiptera insect. The fourth and last section deals with the clinical role of electromyograms in studying the pelvic floor muscle function.

Electromyography. --- Electroneuromyography --- Electrodiagnosis --- Medical diagnosis

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Nuclear nonproliferation --- Stable isotopes in medical diagnosis. --- Government policy

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This textbook offers a comprehensive theory of medical decision making under uncertainty, combining informative test theory with the expected utility hypothesis. The book shows how the parameters of Bayes’ theorem can be combined with a value function of health states to arrive at informed test and treatment decisions. The authors distinguish between risk neutral, risk averse and prudent decision makers and demonstrate the effects of risk preferences on physicians’ decisions. They analyze individual tests, multiple tests and endogenous tests where the test result is determined by the decision maker. Finally, the topic is examined in the context of health economics by introducing a trade-off between enjoying health and consuming other goods, so that the extent of treatment and thus the potential improvement in the patient’s health become endogenous.  .

Clinical medicine --- Diagnosis --- Decision making. --- Diseases --- Examinations, Medical (Diagnosis) --- Medical diagnosis --- Medical examinations (Diagnosis) --- Medical tests (Diagnosis) --- Prognosis --- Symptoms --- Testing --- Health economics. --- Epidemiology. --- Medicine. --- Health Economics. --- Medicine/Public Health, general. --- Clinical sciences --- Medical profession --- Human biology --- Life sciences --- Medical sciences --- Pathology --- Physicians --- Public health --- Economics, Medical --- Health --- Health economics --- Hygiene --- Medical care --- Medicine --- Economic aspects --- Health Workforce --- Decision making --- Decision Support Techniques. --- Diagnosis.